50 Astronomy Ideas You Really Need to Know (Giles Sparrow, 2016)

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  • First telescope: Galileo in 1609
  • Kuiper belt: star trail
  • Heliosphere: region where solar wind is dominant
  • Europa: Jupiter’s moon that contain water vapour
  • RS Canum Venaticorum class star flips magnetic field from one hemisphere to the other
  • Estimate the planet's temperature: Stephan-Boltzmann law
  • Estimate the planet's mass: spectroscopic binaries or parallax measurements
  • Estimate distance: Hertzs-Prung Russell diagram; Cepheid, regular cycle with frequency related to its luminosity
  • Sun burn so long is due to fission and fusion, carbon–nitrogen–oxygen (CNO) cycle
  • Starbirth theory: Eagle Nebula (Messier 16): towers of gas and dust; Nebula: dust, hydrogen, helium, ionized gas
  • Exoplanet: planet outside our solar system; Pulsar: highly magnetised rotating neutron star or White Dwarf
  • Goldilocks zone: habitable zone neither too hot or too cold
  • Heaviest star: R136a1, 265 solar-mass at Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy
  • Neutrinos: subatomic particles, by-product of nuclear reaction, massless, travel near the speed of light
  • Supernovae: end of life of a star; Hyperovae: gives out 10 times the light of a supernovae
  • Progenitors stars: descendent stars
  • Magnetars: neutron stars with slow rotation, emits gamma rays, starquakes
  • Quark stars: above TOV limits (2-3 times the mass of the Sun), neutron degeneracy cannot create enough pressure to halt is collapse, Quark matter could only remain stable under extreme temperature and pressure
  • Accretion disc: Beta Byrae, curious eclipsing binary; Roche Lobe, limit it can hold against gravitational pull from its neighbour
  • Types of galaxies: elliptical, spiral, lenticular, barred spiral, irregular
  • Quasar: massive remote celestial object emitting large amounts of energy
  • Nucleosynthesis: process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons
  • Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR): light reaching earth and been red-shifted
  • Multiverse: brane cosmology - related to string theory, superstring theory, M-theory


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