Fundamental: How Quantum and Particle Physics Explain Absolutely Everything (except Gravity) (Tim James, 2019)

• Wave–particle duality: the concept in quantum mechanics that every particle or quantum entity may be described as either a particle or a wave.
• Broglie theory: light has both wave-like and particle-like properties, electrons also have wave-like properties.
• Copenhagen
• How can a particle exist in multiple states or no states?
• Why does measurement trap a particle in one eigenstate?
• Why is this outcome random?
• Why can we not know all the properties at the same time?
• Why does the everyday world follow simple classical laws if its particles do not?
• Speed of light is 299,792,458 m/s and time come to a stop when it is at that speed.
• Teleportation
• China physicists performed a quantum teleportation from Tibet to satellite Micus orbiting 1,400 km above Earth.
• Teleportation is actually called quantum telepheresis.
• Quantum electrodynamics (QED): the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics.
• Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), color confinement: the phenomenon that colour-charged particles (such as quarks and gluons) cannot be isolated.
• Gravity
• It is weaker than other forces by an alarming amount.
• The quantum field theory can predict how much energy there should be in the vacuum of empty space.
• Fermions (quarks, electrons and neutrinos) occupy their own space: Pauli exclusion principle.
• General relativity relates energy, mass, time, light and empty space.
• The created distortion is perceived as gravity.
• Particles can be bumped out but the shape of the fields obeys sensible geometry.
• History
• 1618 Descartes proposes light to be waves in the plenum.
• 1672 Newton proposes light to be made of corpuscles.
• 1801 Young does the double-slit experiment showing light is made of waves.
• 1846 Faraday speculates light is an electromagnetic wave. 
• 1861 Maxwell proves him right.
• 1897 J. J.Thomson discovers the electron.
• 1899 Rutherford discovers that radioactivity is made of particles.
• 1900 Planck invents light quanta.
• 1905 Einstein proves all matter is made from atoms and that light is made of photons and publishes the theory of special relativity. Buys cake on birthday.
• 1908 Rutherford discovers the nucleus
• 1912 Einstein discovers general relativity. Tells no one.
• 1913 Bohr discovers electron energy is quantised in shells.
• 1915 Noether comes up with her theorem. Girl power prevails.
• 1916 Einstein rediscovers general relativity. More open about it.
• 1917 Rutherford discovers the proton.
• 1922 The Stern-Gerlach experiment is conducted. Makes no sense.
• 1924 De Broglie suggests wave-particle duality.
• 1926 Schrödinger writes his wave equation. Born interprets the wavefunction as the square root of probable behaviour and properties.
• 1927 Pauli adapts the Schrödinger equation to include 'spin'.
• 1927 Heisenberg discovers the uncertainty principle.
• 1927 George Thomson shows electrons can be diffracted like waves.
• 1927 De Broglie presents the pilot -wave interpretation.
• 1928 Dirac comes up with quantum field theory.
• 1930 Heisenberg outlines the Copenhagen interpretation. Einstein is not happy.
• 1930 Pauli proposes the existence of neutrinos.
• 1932 Chadwick discovers the neutron.
• 1932 Von Neumann tries to find the source of wavefunction collapse. Finds nothing.
• 1932 Anderson discovers the positron.
• 1933 Fermi proposes the weak field.
• 1935 Schrödinger suggests we kill/do not kill a cat.
• 1935 Yukawa proposes the strong force to explain nuclear stability.
• 1935 Einstein , Podolsky and Rosen publish a paradox.
• 1936 The muon isdiscovered.
• 1939 Batman isborn.
• 1947 The pion is discovered.
• 1947 The kaon is discovered ,acting strangely.
• 1949 Feynman ,Schwinger and Tomonaga create a successful form of QED.
• 1952 Bohm expands on the pilot -wave interpretation.
• 1956 Electron neutrinos are finally discovered.
• 1956 Wu discovers the weak field is asymmetric with respect to chirality (and therefore weak hypercharge).
• 1957 Everett proposes the many worlds interpretation.
• 1961Wigner suggests consciousness could trigger wavefunction collapse.
• 1962 The muon neutrino is discovered.
• 1964 Bell proposes a way to test the EPR paradox.
• 1964 Gell-Mann outlines quantum chromodynamics including up, down and strange quarks.
• 1964 Glashow proposes the charm quark... because obviously.
• 1964 Brout, Englert and Higgs propose a new field to explain mass.
• 1968 The up, down and strange quarks are discovered.
• 1968 Weinberg, Salam and Glashow complete the electroweak theory.
• 1971 Hafele, Keating and Mr Clock verify relativity.
• 1973 Kobayashi proposes the top and bottom quarks.
• 1973 The Z boson is discovered.
• 1974 The charm quark is discovered.
• 1974 The tauon is discovered.
• 1974 The tauon neutrino is discovered.
• 1977 The bottom quark is discovered.
• 1982 Aspect successfully carries out a Bell experiment proving, classical physics cannot explain entanglement.
• 1983 The W+ and W- bosons are discovered.
• 1986 Cramer proposes the transactional interpretation.
• 1993 Peres, Wootters and Bennett propose quantum teleportation.
• 1994 Tonomura carries out the single-electron double-slit experiment, proving unambiguously that particles self-interfere.
• 1995 The top quark is discovered.
• 1998 Construction begins on the Large Hadron Collider.
• 1999 Kim builds the first delayed choice quantum eraser, showing apparent backward-time quantum entanglement. Presumably sends message to Cramer in 1986.
• 2005 Couder gives some evidence that might validate the de Broglie Bohm interpretation.
• 2008 Large Hadron Collider switches on for the firsttime.
• 2012 Large Hadron Collider discovers the Higgs boson.
• 2014 O'Connell puts firstclassical object in quantum superposition.
• 2015 Bohr potentially rules out the de Broglie -Bohm explanation.
• 2017 Jianwei achieves record quantum teleportation to a satellite..
• 2017 Lidzey accidentally entangles some bacteria with a laser beam
• 2018 Vanner creates a quantum drum.